Principles of Ecology~~

Assalamualaikum and Good Morning Dr. Wan! J

The next topic is Principles of Ecology.

So, in this topic we have done watching Powtoon, answered quiz on quizlet and do crossword in kubbu.

Basically in  this topic we have learnt it in secondary school.

There are 5 levels in ecology :

1.      Species

2.      Populations

3.      Communities

4.      Ecosystems

5.      Biosphere

The abiotic factors are :

a)      Temperature

b)      Water

c)      Sunlight

d)      Wind

e)      Rocks and soil

f)       Periodic disturbance

Homeostasis are dynamic balance of processes, materials and organisms in the ecosystem and biosphere.

The new thing is roles of microbes in the ecosystem, they are :

-          Oxygen producer

-          Fix the nitrogen

-          Source of food

-          Contribute to evolution 

The factors that may affect the stability of the ecosystem are :

-          Increase the frequency of natural or unnatural disturbance

-          Abrupt change in species diversity

-          Change in rate of nutrient and energy consumption

There are 6 approaches to effective ecosystem management, they are :

1.      Stakeholders

2.      Adaptive management

3.      Natural resources

4.      Strategic management

5.      Landscape and level conservation

6.      Command and control management

Till we meet again, BYE! J

Microbial Groups

Assalamualaikum and Good Morning Dr. Wan! J

The next topic is Microbial Groups.

So, in this topic we have done watching Powtoon, answered quiz on quizlet and do crossword in kubbu.

Basically in  this topic we have learnt it in previous lecture.

So, the methods of microbial reproduction are :

a)      Binary fission

b)      Budding

c)      Fragmentation

d)      Formation of spores

e)      Sexual reproduction

The requirement to develop of microbial community are :

        I.            Physical growth requirement

      II.            Chemical growth requirement

For physical grow requirement, they need :

a)      Light

b)      Temperature

c)      pH

d)      Water activity and osmotic pressure

For chemical requirement, they need :

a)      Water

b)      Carbon

c)      Oxygen

d)      Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur

e)      Special growth factors

f)       Trace elements

There are two major nutritional  :

a)      Source of energy

b)      Source of carbon

# we have learnt it in previous semester.

In development of microbial communities there are three key process :

        I.            Selection strategies

      II.            Succession

    III.            Biofilms

In selection strategies, the population selection within communities is either r strategies or k strategies.

In succession, there are three types of succession :

        I.            Preemptive colonization

      II.            Autogenic succession

    III.            Allogenic succession

In biofilm, there are two types :

        I.            Simple biofilm

-          Microorganisms attach and form a monolayer of cells

      II.            Complex biofilm

-           layers of organisms

-          Formation depending on environment

Till we meet again, BYE! J

Algae and Protozoa ~~

Assalamualaikum and Good Morning Dr. Wan! J

The last topic of Microbial Systematic is Algae and Protozoa.

Algae

There are 3 types distribution of algae ; planktonic, benthic and neustonic.

The classification of algae is in 7 division from 2 kingdoms.

The two kingdoms are ; protista and plantae.

For kingdom Protista they are unicellular eukaryotic algae. They are :

        I.            Chrysophyta

      II.            Euglenophyta

    III.            Pyrrhophyta (Dinoflagellates)

    IV.            Charophyta

      V.            Chlorophyta

For kingdom Plantae they are multicellular eukaryotic algae. They are :

        I.            Phaeophyta

      II.            Rhodophyta

Algae reproduction system is by asexual or sexual reproduction.

For asexual :

        I.            Binary fission

      II.            Fragmentation

    III.            Spores

For sexual :

        I.            Isogamy (gamete produce are identical)

      II.            Heterogamy (different types of gametes produce)

The benefit of algae are algae biofuel. Algae also harmful as algal blooms.

Protozoa

The unique features of protozoa are :

        I.            Ectoplasm

      II.            Endoplasm

    III.            Pellicle

    IV.            Nucleus

      V.            Have contractile, phagocytic and secretory vacuoles

Nutrition of protozoa are chemoautotrophic, but it have two types :

          I.            Holozoic nutrition

        II.            Saprozoic nutrition

The locomotory organelles are :

        I.            Pseudopodia

      II.            Flagella

    III.            Cilia

Asexual reproduction of protozoa is by binary fission while sexual reproduction of protozoa is by conjugation.

The classification of protozoa is based on :

        I.            Types of nuclei

      II.            Mode of reproduction

    III.            Mechanism of locomotion

Phylum of protozoa are :

        I.            Sarcomastigophora  ; flagellates and amoebae ; single type of nucleus

      II.           
Labyrinthomorpha

    III.            Apicomplexa

    IV.            Microspora

      V.            Ascestospora

    VI.            Myxozoa

  VII.            Ciliophora  ; ciliated and two types of nuclei

Sarcomastigophora have two subphylum :

1.      Mastigophora

        I.            Phytoflagellates (with chlorophyll)

      II.            Zooflagellates (without chlorophyll)

2.      Sarcodina

Till we meet again, BYE! J