last lecture :(

19^th December 2014

Today we learnt about In -cidal Agents,-cideis suffix indicating that agent kills and - static Agents,- static is suffix indicating that agent inhibits growth.

Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Treatment is depends on:

·         number of microbes

·         duration of exposure

·         microbial characteristics

·         concentration or intensity of an antimicrobial agent

·         population composition

·         temperature

·         local environment

There are three type of Physical Control Method which are :

·         Heat

·         Filtration

·         Radiation

Moist Heat will destroy viruses, fungi, and bacteria. Steam Sterilization is carried out using an autoclave and effective against all types of microorganisms including spores. Dry heat sterilization kills by oxidation by Flaming, Incineration, Hot-air sterilization and less effective than moist heat sterilization. Low temperature inhibits microbial growth by Refrigeration, Deep freezing and Lyophilization. Filtration will reduce microbial population or sterilizes solutions of heat-sensitive materials by removing microorganisms. In radiation, we have UV radiation and gamma radiation.

There are three type of Chemical Control Agents which are:

·         Disinfection

·         Antisepsis

·         Sterilization

In Evaluating a disinfectant we Use-dilution test and Disk-diffusion method. 

Lastly, we can determine the types of Disinfectants is Halogens – Iodine, Halogens – Chlorine, alcohol, heavy metal, Surface-active agents or surfactants, Chemical food preservatives, Aldehydes and sterilizing gases.

Then, we continue our lecture on the next topic which is antimicrobial chemotheraphy. I know that chemotherapeutic agents is a chemical agents used to treat disease. Penicillin discovered by Alexander Fleming to observe penicillin activity on contaminated plate.

 The general characteristics of antimicrobial drug are:

·         selective toxicity,therapeutic dose

·         toxic dose

·         therapeutic index

Besides that, I can determine the level of antimicrobial activity which is dilution susceptibility test for MIC, disk diffusion tests, and the E-test MIC and diffusion. Antimicrobial drug is the inhibitor of cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis inhibitor, metabolic antagonists and nucleic acid synthesis inhibition. The in inhibitors of cell wall synthesis are penicillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin and teicoplanin.

 Aminoglycoside antibiotics are large family which all contains a cyclohexane ring and amino sugars. Tetracyclines is all have a four-ring structure to which a variety of side chains are attached. Macrolides is used for patients allergic to penicillin. Chloramphenicol now is chemically synthesized. I also know that metabolic antagonist acts as antimetabolites and structural analogs. Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition will block DNA replication. Antifungal drugs have fewer effective agents. Antiviral drug development has been slow because it is difficult to specifically target viral replication. Anti-HIV drugs have reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors and most successful are drug cocktails to curtail resistance. The antiprotozoal drug is the mechanism of drug action for antiprotozoal drug is not known.

I also can identify factors influencing Antimicrobial Drugs which is:

·         ability of drug to reach site of infection

·         susceptibility of pathogen to drug

·         ability of drug to reach concentrations in body that exceed MIC of pathogen

Drug resistances will an increasing problem, microbes in abscesses or biofilms may be growing slowly and resistance mutants arise spontaneously.

Since today is our last lecture , I want to thank to Dr Wan for the lecture that she gives us, and I’ll miss you Dr. Wan! XOXO

18th of December

18^th December 2014

Today, we learnt how to calculate number of generation and generation time .

This is the formula for the number of generation time and number of generation.

Generation time=60 (min×hours)/ number of generation

Number of generation =[ Log number of cells (end) – log number of cells (beginning) ] / 0.301

This is bacterial growth curve.

bacteria growth curve

Direct measurement of microbial growth , we use plate counts and filtration. Lastly, we can estimating the bacterial numbers by indirect methods using turbidity, periodic transfer of strains to fresh medium, incubate and store in the refrigerator,the short term storage and the long period storage.

This is important term that we should remember :

• Sterilization: Removal of all microbial life

• Commercial sterilization: Killing C. Botulinum endospores

• Disinfection: Destruction/removal of pathogens

• Antisepsis: Destruction/removal of pathogens from living Tissue

• Degerming: Removal of microbes from a limited area

• Sanitization: Lower microbial counts on eating utensils

• Biocide/Germicide: Kills microbes

• Bacteriostasis: Inhibiting, not killing, microbes

Till we meet again, BYE! :D

16th December

16^th December 2014

Today, we continue our lecture on isolation ,culturing , maintaining and preserving microbes. First, we need know the definition of aseptic technique. Aseptic technique refers to carrying out a procedure under controlled condition in a manner that will minimize the chance of contamination.

Culturing methods have 2 basic technique which are liquid and qulture. Liquid can be reared in culture tubes in a liquid medium while qulture use plates where the liquid medium is solidified using agar and poured as a thin layer in the bottom of a culture dish.

Besides, we know how to get pure culture by using streak dilution plate methods.

this is how to obtain pure culture using pour plate method.

There are 5 type of culture media which are chemically defined vs. complex media, liquid vs. semisolid media, selective media, differential media and enrichment media.

Bacterial growth by budding, spores and fragmentation.

Till we met again, BYE! XD

Metabolism and Nutritional ~

10^th December 2014

Today we have learnt about Microbial metabolism and microbial nutrition.

In metabolism we have anabolic and catabolic reaction. Anabolic is the synthesis a complex molecule from the simplest molecule while catabolic is breaking down complex molecule into simplest molecule.

I also learnt about the enzyme component that is apoezyme, haloenzyme and cofactor. Enzyme are very specific in order to undergoes reaction. The factor that influenced the enzymetic activity are temperature, pH, substrate concentration, competitive and non competitive inhibition.

We also learnt the energy production. There are two aspects of energy production that is concept of oxidation-reduction, and mechanism of ATP generation.  We also learnt about the cellular respiration aerobic , anaerobic respiration and fermentation.

Aerobic respiration involve oxygen and involve glycolysis, transition state, Kreb’s cycle, ETC and chemosmosis. While fermentation involve lactic  acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation.

There are two major nutritional concerns that is source of carbon and source of energy. 

Energy sources divided into two that are :

·         Chemotroph (inorganic/organic material)

·         Phototroph(light)

Carbon sources involve :

·         Autotroph(self feeders)

·         Heterotrophy (feed on others)

Reducing equivalent sources involve :

·         Litho- (inorganic)

·         Organo- (organic)

Actually I confused when we have to use the litho or organo  and we have don’t use it.

That’s all for today, BYE!

Yakult~ Yakult~~

8^th December 2014

Today we went to Yakult Factory which is located at Seremban 2. I am extremely excited to go there. As we arrived, we were bring to a lecture room. A young Chinese woman explains to us the history, specialty and advantages if we drink Yakult for our life.     

From the explanations I know that, the optimum temperature for the probiotic is from 15°C to 37°C. The probiotic will dead at temperature 41° C and so on. And it remain not active at temperature -80°C to 14°C.

The active shirota strain will convert the lactose to lactic acid and give the taste of sour to the Yakult.

The benefits of Yakult are :

·         Increase good bacteria and reduce harmful bacteria in our intestine

·         Improve bowel movement (avoid diarrhea and constipation)

·         Boosts on immune system (reduce risk of infections and cancer cell occurance)

From the explanation I know that Yakult keep our intestine with balance intestinal flora. It can reduce risk of infections, aging, unbalanced diet and stress.

She also explained about the relationship between good bacteria and harmful bacteria in order to maintain our health and intestinal flora.

After that, we have been show the process of making Yakult from beginning until the packaging level. The production of bottles also complicated as they want to produce a good product to Malaysians.

As for me, I think Yakult is a very good additional drinks because it contain probiotic that is Lactobaccilus which isolated by Prof. Mizoru Shirota.

And from this trip, I know that the packaging or the bottles in our country is different compare to the other countries. The Chinese woman said that, it is due to the late registration of the bottles in Malaysia as in Malaysia we already have a bottle similar like Yakult’s bottles in the other country that is Vitagen.

                                                       Lactobacillus casei shirota strain

                                                           Yakult bottle in Philippines

Yakult bottle in Malysia

That’s all from this trip. Till we meet again, XOXO

5th December 2014

5^th December 2014

As class start, Dr Wan told us to open the Quizlet.com. She asked us to define 30 terms in the microbial nutrition and microbial metabolism.  We have to do flashcard using this Quizlet.com. and we need to do quizzes according our groups. 

We used Kahoot to make our quiz more interesting.

We have to do 6 questions based on today’s topics.

After that, we play together using our own devices! So cool!

I really enjoy today’s lecture because instead of playing games, I got something from the game. Not just playing but learning also. YEAHH

I think nothing to write then also, tell we meet again!

BYE XD

4th December 2014

4^th  December 2014

Today we’re going to learnt about NOMENCLATURE again. HEHE

Actually today is our replacement class. We are going to check it out what is the phylogenetic classification.

What makes phylogenetic classification possible?

1.  Highly conserved genetic sequence

2. Advancement in sequencing technique

After that, I and friends have to attend BBI class from 12-1. While waiting for us, other friends that not have to attend BBI class play a game called “MIGHTY MICROBE”.

As we arrived at class after finished our BBI class, we continued our lecture on nomenclature again.

We also learnt the methods of classifying and identifying microorganism. I’d know that microorganisms are just not only classified according to its shape but, it also classified according to its :

·         Morphological Characteristics

·         Differential Staining

·         Biochemical Tests

·         Serology

·         Phage typing

·         Fatty Acid Profiles

·         DNA Base Composition

·         DNA Fingerprinting

·         Nucleic Acid Hybridization

Even I’m so sleepy and very tired at the end of this lecture,but I feel so happy that I can finished today’s class.

Till we meet again, BYE! XD

2nd Decmber 2014

2^nd December 2014

Today we’re going to learnt about NOMENCLATURE.

This is the way how to naming a new bacteria :

1. Run extensive scientific tests to verify the bacteria.

2. New bacteria – give a name.

3. Description is published in International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology.

7. Bacteria deposited in culture collection bank.

8. Description of bacteria is incorporated into a reference called Bergeyʼs Manual.

Other than that, we also learnt about :

The department that responsible in nomenclature new microorganism :-

·         For protozoa and parasitic worm : International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

·         For fungi and algae : international Code for Botanical Nomenclature.

·         For bacteria : International Code for Nomenclature of Bacteria.

Dr Wan also told us about the new species is only recognized if :

• Published in International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

• Deposited in Culture Collection Banks

I’ve learnt a lot today. Our class end early because Dr Wan was busy with her works.

Till we meet again! XOXO

viruses and last lecture of microbial genetics ~~

21^st November 2014

8.00-10.00 am

Today I learnt about Viruses with Dr Wan.

We have no game for today.

Acellular agents are :

·         Viruses

·         Viroids

·         Satellites

·         Prions

Viruses are the major cause of disease. There are some important of viruses :

·         Important members of aquatic world

·         Important in evolution

·         Important model system in molecular biology

There are two type of viruses :

·         Envelope viruses

·         Non-envelope viruses

There are three types of capsids :

·         Helical

·         Icosahedral

·         Complex

Viral multiplication involve several steps :

·         Attachment to host cell

·         Entry and

·         uncoating (degrading cell membrane)

·         synthesis protein

·         assembly

·         release

10.00am-12.00 pm

Today is the forth lecture with Prof Khatty on Microbial Genetic. The more we studied this topic the more difficult I found it. HUH L

Today I learnt about genetic transfer and recombinant.

Genetic recombinant refers to the rearrangement of DNA from separate groups of genes.

Genetic transfer in prokaryotes involve :

·         transformation

·         transduction

·         conjugation

Types of plasmid :

·         dissimilation plasmid

·         conjugative plasmid

·         R factors

There are three distinct types of transposons :

·         Class II Transposons consisiting only of DNA that moves directly from place to place.

·         Class III Transposons also known as Miniature Inverted-repeats Transposable

·         Class I : Retrotransposons that

ü  First transcribe the DNA into RNA

ü  Use reverse transcriptase to make a DNA copy of the RNA to insert in a new location.

End our class today with steady and sleepy. Wehuuuu HAHA, BYE! J

third day with Proff Khaty~~

18^th November 2014

Today is the third lecture with Prof Khatty on Microbial Genetic. The more we studied this topic the more difficult I found it. HUH L

Today I learnt about Mutation.

Mutation is any inheritable change in the base sequence of DNA.

There are two types of mutation :

1.       Base substitution

·         Silent

·         Missense

·         Nonsense

2.       Frameshift mutation

·         Insertion or deletion

·         Shift in the reading frame

Mutation rate is the probability that a gene will be mutated in a single generation

Mutation frequency is the frequency at which a specific kind of mutation (or mutant) is found in a population of individuals.

There are types of mutagen such as :

·         Base analogues

·         Chemical mutagen

·         Radiation

·         Intercalating agents

That’s all from me, till we meet again. Assalamualaikum

Prof. Katthy second lecture's ~~

14^th November 2014

Today is our second lecture with Prof. Khatty.  Today our class went to SACC for the NUCEL.  Alhamdulillah, they won silver!! I’m very proud of them.

There are two modes of Gene Expression:

1.       Constitutive expression

2.       Inducible expression

There are three possible places in the production of an active gene :

1.       As transcriptional regulation

2.       As translation regulation

3.       Post-transcriptional or post-translational regulation mechanism

In this lecture Prof teach us on how the mechanism of repression works. Yet, I miss you Dr Wan. J

Till we meet again….. Bye!

Prof Katthy first lecture's ~~

10^th November 2014

Today is our first lecture with Prof. Khatty. HEHE unusually no one of our class voice out when Prof. asking about the microbial genetics, all of us silence as silence as we can. HAHA

Today class was so bored because we just straight away learning, no more chatting no more cakes no more foods no more games and no more Dr Wan, hmmmmm L

From this lecture, I know that :

·         Genome :  genetic information in cell

·         Chromosomes : structures containing DNA that carry genetic information

·         Genes : segments of DNA that code for functional product.

·         Genetic information :  coded in the sequence of bases

·         Genotype : genetic composition of an organism

·         Phenotype :actual expressed properties of an organism

Functions of DNA :

·         Storage of genetic information

·         Self-duplication and inheritance

·         Expression of genetic

And we also learnt about the mechanism of the Transcription and Translation  J

So, till meet again! XOXO

Eleventh lecture of Microbes ~

Assalamualaikum w.b.t

Today is the 11^th lecture! Our class starts on 8.15 a.m at 1.2. Today Dr. Wan have to attend meeting and give us task on eukaryotes.

My group has to do game on cell membrane of eukaryotes. So we decided to do it in role-play. After discussing we move to 1.4 and start our game.

1.       Poison box-(flagella, cilia, cytoplasm)

2.       Role-play -(cell membrane)

3.       Spin your ribosomes -(ribosomes)

4.       Dart quizzes – (Nucleus)

5.       Jump lysosome jump! –(lysosome)

6.       Bingo- (vacuole)

7.       Lucky bottle-(Smooth Endoplasmic Recticulum)

8.       Wheel decide – (rough Endoplasmic Recticulum)

9.       Golgi penalty (Golgi apparatus)

10.   Quiz oh Quiz (mitochondria)

Those games have to involve all group members. We enjoyed that day damn much! Instead of playing games we also get the information about the structure of eukaryotes.

That’s all from me, till we meet again. XOXO J

Tenth day of lecture~~

31^st October 2014

Today is our tenth day of lecture. We have to study first about fungi and algae.

What I’ve learnt about algae. The classifications of algae are:

• Chrysophyta
• Euglenophyta
• Pyrrhophyta
• Charophyta
• Chlorophyta
• Phaeophyta
• Rhodophyta

There are five types of fungi that are :

• chytrids (Chytridiomycota) 
• zygote (Zygomycota)
• sac (Ascomycomycota)
• club (Basidiomycota)
• Microsporidia

As Dr.Wan said, our class wants to celebrate October’s birthday boy and girl, today she brought us homemade cakes! His husband bakes the cakes by himself. So WOW! HEEHEE

And today also we've submitted two crossword that are Crossword of Algae and Crossword of Fungi!

Till we meet again, Bye!

Thank a Microbes~~

27^th October 2014

Today is our presentations’ day. We’re all nervous but happy too because all the hard works comes to final.

Me, myself was too excited when the augmented reality can well run.

After all the presentation ended, I get too much information about microbes. As I know bacteria is harmful to human. After the presentation I know that not all of the bacteria were harmful to human, there also beneficial that they give us.

We also had been judged by others lecturer. And it come to climax, I feel very nervous to present our microbe to all the judges. When it come to the`` lecturer have to ask us question’’ about the microbes, it was the hardest and most scary part for me and my group members.

I think this is a good beginner for us as first year students. And I really hope that my group would not win this competition. HAHA. It just because we’re afraid and worry when we have to present it in front of the judges.

This is our lovely microbe! Bacillus megaterium  XD

                            

                                                      Bacillus megaterium

Till we meet again, Bye!

9th day of Lecture~

14^th October 2014

Assalamualaikum w.b.t

Today is our ninth lecture with our beloved Dr Wan. Today we are going to learn about algae and fungi! We need to bring our own notes to the class, and I’ve prepared two slides, one for algae and another one for fungi.

Today we just discussed about algae. Algae have many groups as it distinguish by its pigments color.

There are seven phyla of algae that are :

1.       Chlorophyta

2.       Rhodophyta

3.       Bacillariophyta(diatom)

4.       Dinoflagellata

5.       Cryophyta

6.       Euglenophyta

7.       Phaeophyta

Function of algae are for biofuel, fertilizer, dye for textile, dental  impression and many more.

After that, we learn how to write the genus such as Bacillus megaterium

1.       It must be in Italic or underlined if you write by hand

2.       The genus must start with capital letter

3.       The species must start small letter

I’m so sorry Dr because I can’t put any picture for my lately post and it is quite simple. This is because I just borrow laptop from Sarah and her laptop can’t connect to internet.

And this was our last lecture before the midterm break because we will not have class on Friday. 

Dr Wan had to go for conference at Jakarta eh Bandung. Ermmm maybe HAHA I’m not sure about that actually! Don’t forget to buy us souvenirs ! EHEHE

Till we meet again, Bye! XOXO

8th day of lecture~

10^th October 2014

Assalamualaikum w.b.t

Today is our ninth lecture. Today we were having our first test and our first class in Biotech 2! Hehe

The test was quite confusing me actually because I studied before, but I can’t remember. Dr Wan said that maybe all of us did not understand the topic about actually.

After the test we were having an activity which was we have to find the best way to study about Protozoa. My group decided to do in in mind map. There are many groups did it so. And there were also group did it as “fill in the blank’’ and there was one group that did it in song! That was so fun to memorized it as PASU , PIPA, ACAR and so on.

I’ve learnt that Protozoa is unicellular, eat in four ways that is pinocytosis, ingestion, phagocytosis and absorption. There were four major groups in protozoa that are Archaezoa, Ciliophora, Apicomplexa, Rhizopoda.

Actually I’m very like Choyy’s group because it different than others. Today’s class was quite long because we’re having our replacement class for the next Friday. We can go back early but my flight on 8.45 pm. Ohh I can’t go back early. Hmm but it’s okay J

Till we meet again ! Bye J

seventh day of lecture~

7^th October 2014

Assalamualaikum w.b.t

Today is our eighth lecture. Dr Wan continued our lecture with Intracellular Structure of Prokaryote on subtopic inclusion. There are six components of inclusions :

1. Metachromatic granule
2. Polysaccharides granule
3. Lipid inclusion
4. Magnetosome
5. Carboxysome
6. Gas vesicles

We also learnt about endospore. Endospore are triggered in harsh condition. If not, endospore being resting structure and it will germinate when there are in good conditions.

And I also learnt what is desiccation. Desiccation is extremely dry and microbe that can survive is called Xerophilic. Dipcolinic acid can prevent from desiccation. And bacteria that can survive in extreme salt is called Halophilic.

Todays lecture was so fun, because Dr Wan bring us rendang and nasi impit. Malyanah also bring kek lapis from Sarawak. Yummmyyyyy!

That’s all for today, till we meet again. Bye!