last lecture :(

19^th December 2014

Today we learnt about In -cidal Agents,-cideis suffix indicating that agent kills and - static Agents,- static is suffix indicating that agent inhibits growth.

Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Treatment is depends on:

·         number of microbes

·         duration of exposure

·         microbial characteristics

·         concentration or intensity of an antimicrobial agent

·         population composition

·         temperature

·         local environment

There are three type of Physical Control Method which are :

·         Heat

·         Filtration

·         Radiation

Moist Heat will destroy viruses, fungi, and bacteria. Steam Sterilization is carried out using an autoclave and effective against all types of microorganisms including spores. Dry heat sterilization kills by oxidation by Flaming, Incineration, Hot-air sterilization and less effective than moist heat sterilization. Low temperature inhibits microbial growth by Refrigeration, Deep freezing and Lyophilization. Filtration will reduce microbial population or sterilizes solutions of heat-sensitive materials by removing microorganisms. In radiation, we have UV radiation and gamma radiation.

There are three type of Chemical Control Agents which are:

·         Disinfection

·         Antisepsis

·         Sterilization

In Evaluating a disinfectant we Use-dilution test and Disk-diffusion method. 

Lastly, we can determine the types of Disinfectants is Halogens – Iodine, Halogens – Chlorine, alcohol, heavy metal, Surface-active agents or surfactants, Chemical food preservatives, Aldehydes and sterilizing gases.

Then, we continue our lecture on the next topic which is antimicrobial chemotheraphy. I know that chemotherapeutic agents is a chemical agents used to treat disease. Penicillin discovered by Alexander Fleming to observe penicillin activity on contaminated plate.

 The general characteristics of antimicrobial drug are:

·         selective toxicity,therapeutic dose

·         toxic dose

·         therapeutic index

Besides that, I can determine the level of antimicrobial activity which is dilution susceptibility test for MIC, disk diffusion tests, and the E-test MIC and diffusion. Antimicrobial drug is the inhibitor of cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis inhibitor, metabolic antagonists and nucleic acid synthesis inhibition. The in inhibitors of cell wall synthesis are penicillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin and teicoplanin.

 Aminoglycoside antibiotics are large family which all contains a cyclohexane ring and amino sugars. Tetracyclines is all have a four-ring structure to which a variety of side chains are attached. Macrolides is used for patients allergic to penicillin. Chloramphenicol now is chemically synthesized. I also know that metabolic antagonist acts as antimetabolites and structural analogs. Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition will block DNA replication. Antifungal drugs have fewer effective agents. Antiviral drug development has been slow because it is difficult to specifically target viral replication. Anti-HIV drugs have reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors and most successful are drug cocktails to curtail resistance. The antiprotozoal drug is the mechanism of drug action for antiprotozoal drug is not known.

I also can identify factors influencing Antimicrobial Drugs which is:

·         ability of drug to reach site of infection

·         susceptibility of pathogen to drug

·         ability of drug to reach concentrations in body that exceed MIC of pathogen

Drug resistances will an increasing problem, microbes in abscesses or biofilms may be growing slowly and resistance mutants arise spontaneously.

Since today is our last lecture , I want to thank to Dr Wan for the lecture that she gives us, and I’ll miss you Dr. Wan! XOXO

18th of December

18^th December 2014

Today, we learnt how to calculate number of generation and generation time .

This is the formula for the number of generation time and number of generation.

Generation time=60 (min×hours)/ number of generation

Number of generation =[ Log number of cells (end) – log number of cells (beginning) ] / 0.301

This is bacterial growth curve.

bacteria growth curve

Direct measurement of microbial growth , we use plate counts and filtration. Lastly, we can estimating the bacterial numbers by indirect methods using turbidity, periodic transfer of strains to fresh medium, incubate and store in the refrigerator,the short term storage and the long period storage.

This is important term that we should remember :

• Sterilization: Removal of all microbial life

• Commercial sterilization: Killing C. Botulinum endospores

• Disinfection: Destruction/removal of pathogens

• Antisepsis: Destruction/removal of pathogens from living Tissue

• Degerming: Removal of microbes from a limited area

• Sanitization: Lower microbial counts on eating utensils

• Biocide/Germicide: Kills microbes

• Bacteriostasis: Inhibiting, not killing, microbes

Till we meet again, BYE! :D

16th December

16^th December 2014

Today, we continue our lecture on isolation ,culturing , maintaining and preserving microbes. First, we need know the definition of aseptic technique. Aseptic technique refers to carrying out a procedure under controlled condition in a manner that will minimize the chance of contamination.

Culturing methods have 2 basic technique which are liquid and qulture. Liquid can be reared in culture tubes in a liquid medium while qulture use plates where the liquid medium is solidified using agar and poured as a thin layer in the bottom of a culture dish.

Besides, we know how to get pure culture by using streak dilution plate methods.

this is how to obtain pure culture using pour plate method.

There are 5 type of culture media which are chemically defined vs. complex media, liquid vs. semisolid media, selective media, differential media and enrichment media.

Bacterial growth by budding, spores and fragmentation.

Till we met again, BYE! XD

Metabolism and Nutritional ~

10^th December 2014

Today we have learnt about Microbial metabolism and microbial nutrition.

In metabolism we have anabolic and catabolic reaction. Anabolic is the synthesis a complex molecule from the simplest molecule while catabolic is breaking down complex molecule into simplest molecule.

I also learnt about the enzyme component that is apoezyme, haloenzyme and cofactor. Enzyme are very specific in order to undergoes reaction. The factor that influenced the enzymetic activity are temperature, pH, substrate concentration, competitive and non competitive inhibition.

We also learnt the energy production. There are two aspects of energy production that is concept of oxidation-reduction, and mechanism of ATP generation.  We also learnt about the cellular respiration aerobic , anaerobic respiration and fermentation.

Aerobic respiration involve oxygen and involve glycolysis, transition state, Kreb’s cycle, ETC and chemosmosis. While fermentation involve lactic  acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation.

There are two major nutritional concerns that is source of carbon and source of energy. 

Energy sources divided into two that are :

·         Chemotroph (inorganic/organic material)

·         Phototroph(light)

Carbon sources involve :

·         Autotroph(self feeders)

·         Heterotrophy (feed on others)

Reducing equivalent sources involve :

·         Litho- (inorganic)

·         Organo- (organic)

Actually I confused when we have to use the litho or organo  and we have don’t use it.

That’s all for today, BYE!

Yakult~ Yakult~~

8^th December 2014

Today we went to Yakult Factory which is located at Seremban 2. I am extremely excited to go there. As we arrived, we were bring to a lecture room. A young Chinese woman explains to us the history, specialty and advantages if we drink Yakult for our life.     

From the explanations I know that, the optimum temperature for the probiotic is from 15°C to 37°C. The probiotic will dead at temperature 41° C and so on. And it remain not active at temperature -80°C to 14°C.

The active shirota strain will convert the lactose to lactic acid and give the taste of sour to the Yakult.

The benefits of Yakult are :

·         Increase good bacteria and reduce harmful bacteria in our intestine

·         Improve bowel movement (avoid diarrhea and constipation)

·         Boosts on immune system (reduce risk of infections and cancer cell occurance)

From the explanation I know that Yakult keep our intestine with balance intestinal flora. It can reduce risk of infections, aging, unbalanced diet and stress.

She also explained about the relationship between good bacteria and harmful bacteria in order to maintain our health and intestinal flora.

After that, we have been show the process of making Yakult from beginning until the packaging level. The production of bottles also complicated as they want to produce a good product to Malaysians.

As for me, I think Yakult is a very good additional drinks because it contain probiotic that is Lactobaccilus which isolated by Prof. Mizoru Shirota.

And from this trip, I know that the packaging or the bottles in our country is different compare to the other countries. The Chinese woman said that, it is due to the late registration of the bottles in Malaysia as in Malaysia we already have a bottle similar like Yakult’s bottles in the other country that is Vitagen.

                                                       Lactobacillus casei shirota strain

                                                           Yakult bottle in Philippines

Yakult bottle in Malysia

That’s all from this trip. Till we meet again, XOXO

5th December 2014

5^th December 2014

As class start, Dr Wan told us to open the Quizlet.com. She asked us to define 30 terms in the microbial nutrition and microbial metabolism.  We have to do flashcard using this Quizlet.com. and we need to do quizzes according our groups. 

We used Kahoot to make our quiz more interesting.

We have to do 6 questions based on today’s topics.

After that, we play together using our own devices! So cool!

I really enjoy today’s lecture because instead of playing games, I got something from the game. Not just playing but learning also. YEAHH

I think nothing to write then also, tell we meet again!

BYE XD

4th December 2014

4^th  December 2014

Today we’re going to learnt about NOMENCLATURE again. HEHE

Actually today is our replacement class. We are going to check it out what is the phylogenetic classification.

What makes phylogenetic classification possible?

1.  Highly conserved genetic sequence

2. Advancement in sequencing technique

After that, I and friends have to attend BBI class from 12-1. While waiting for us, other friends that not have to attend BBI class play a game called “MIGHTY MICROBE”.

As we arrived at class after finished our BBI class, we continued our lecture on nomenclature again.

We also learnt the methods of classifying and identifying microorganism. I’d know that microorganisms are just not only classified according to its shape but, it also classified according to its :

·         Morphological Characteristics

·         Differential Staining

·         Biochemical Tests

·         Serology

·         Phage typing

·         Fatty Acid Profiles

·         DNA Base Composition

·         DNA Fingerprinting

·         Nucleic Acid Hybridization

Even I’m so sleepy and very tired at the end of this lecture,but I feel so happy that I can finished today’s class.

Till we meet again, BYE! XD

2nd Decmber 2014

2^nd December 2014

Today we’re going to learnt about NOMENCLATURE.

This is the way how to naming a new bacteria :

1. Run extensive scientific tests to verify the bacteria.

2. New bacteria – give a name.

3. Description is published in International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology.

7. Bacteria deposited in culture collection bank.

8. Description of bacteria is incorporated into a reference called Bergeyʼs Manual.

Other than that, we also learnt about :

The department that responsible in nomenclature new microorganism :-

·         For protozoa and parasitic worm : International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

·         For fungi and algae : international Code for Botanical Nomenclature.

·         For bacteria : International Code for Nomenclature of Bacteria.

Dr Wan also told us about the new species is only recognized if :

• Published in International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

• Deposited in Culture Collection Banks

I’ve learnt a lot today. Our class end early because Dr Wan was busy with her works.

Till we meet again! XOXO